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Mankind has always been wondering about the composition of matter. Gradually the modern science developed and people came to know about atoms, nuclei and their constituents, electrons, protons and neutrons. Scientists further explored the substructure of protons and neutrons - discovered the existence of quarks and gluons. These constituents have never been free, due to a phenomenon called confinement, except for a few millionths of a second shortly after the Big Bang. At that time, the universe was dominated by an extremely hot and de-confined state of quarks and gluons. In those first evanescent moments of extreme conditions, quarks and gluons were interacting only weakly and could move freely in the form of what is known as the quark-gluon plasma. There are many mysteries about how these quarks and gluons behaved in this primordial stage of universe. Once this stage was over, the quarks and gluons were confined into hadrons and eventually the visible matter around us were made. After billions of years, Scientists found a way to free the quarks and gluons from their strong bondage inside hadrons and re-create the primordial de-confined state of matter existed in the early universe.

Scientists at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) and the Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) produce this matter at the Laboratory by colliding two nuclei or protons and smashing them together with powerfull machines called the Collider. It’s a Little Bang at the Laboratory :) This is very much interesting and fascinating! Indeed it’s a great pleasure to take part in such large experiments.